In this paper, we propose a novel technique, namely INVALIDATOR, to automatically assess the correctness of APR-generated patches via semantic and syntactic reasoning. INVALIDATOR reasons about program semantic via program invariants while it also captures program syntax via language semantic learned from large code corpus using the pre-trained language model. Given a buggy program and the developer-patched program, INVALIDATOR infers likely invariants on both programs. Then, INVALIDATOR determines that a APR-generated patch overfits if: (1) it violates correct specifications or (2) maintains errors behaviors of the original buggy program. In case our approach fails to determine an overfitting patch based on invariants, INVALIDATOR utilizes a trained model from labeled patches to assess patch correctness based on program syntax. The benefit of INVALIDATOR is three-fold. First, INVALIDATOR is able to leverage both semantic and syntactic reasoning to enhance its discriminant capability. Second, INVALIDATOR does not require new test cases to be generated but instead only relies on the current test suite and uses invariant inference to generalize the behaviors of a program. Third, INVALIDATOR is fully automated. We have conducted our experiments on a dataset of 885 patches generated on real-world programs in Defects4J. Experiment results show that INVALIDATOR correctly classified 79% overfitting patches, accounting for 23% more overfitting patches being detected by the best baseline. INVALIDATOR also substantially outperforms the best baselines by 14% and 19% in terms of Accuracy and F-Measure, respectively.

随着近期智能手机或平板电脑的移动设备的爆炸性增长，保证了所有环境的一致网页外观已成为一个重大问题。这只是因为很难跟踪不同大小和渲染网页的设备类型的网络外观。因此，修复网页的不一致外观可能是困难的，并且所产生的成本可能是巨大的，例如，由于它的用户体验和财务损失差。最近，已经提出了自动化的Web修复技术来自动解决不一致的网页外观，专注于提高可用性。然而，生成的补丁倾向于破坏网页的布局，使修复的网页呈现美学令人难以释放，例如扭曲的图像或组件的未对准。在本文中，我们提出了一种基于Meta-heuristic算法的网页自动修复方法，可以保证可用性和美学。赋予我们方法的关键新颖性是一种新颖的健身功能，使我们能够乐观地发展错误的网页，以查找同时优化可用性和美学的最佳解决方案。实证评估表明，我们的方法能够在94％的评估科目中成功解决移动友好问题，在可用性和美学方面显着优于最先进的基线技术。

图表神经网络（GNNS）最近被呈现为用于图形结构数据的强大框架。它们已应用于许多问题，如知识图分析，社交网络推荐，甚至Covid19检测和疫苗发展。然而，与其他深度神经网络（例如馈送前进神经网络（FFNN））不同，诸如验证和性质推论的诸多分析存在，可能是由于GNN的动态行为，这可以采用任意图形作为输入，而仅采用固定大小的FFNN数值vecors作为输入。本文提出了一种通过将它们转换为FFNNS并重用现有的FFNN分析来分析GNN的方法。我们讨论各种设计，以确保转化的可扩展性和准确性。我们在节点分类的研究案例上说明了我们的方法。我们认为，我们的方法开启了了解和分析GNN的新研究方向。

In heterogeneous networks (HetNets), the overlap of small cells and the macro cell causes severe cross-tier interference. Although there exist some approaches to address this problem, they usually require global channel state information, which is hard to obtain in practice, and get the sub-optimal power allocation policy with high computational complexity. To overcome these limitations, we propose a multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (MADRL) based power control scheme for the HetNet, where each access point makes power control decisions independently based on local information. To promote cooperation among agents, we develop a penalty-based Q learning (PQL) algorithm for MADRL systems. By introducing regularization terms in the loss function, each agent tends to choose an experienced action with high reward when revisiting a state, and thus the policy updating speed slows down. In this way, an agent's policy can be learned by other agents more easily, resulting in a more efficient collaboration process. We then implement the proposed PQL in the considered HetNet and compare it with other distributed-training-and-execution (DTE) algorithms. Simulation results show that our proposed PQL can learn the desired power control policy from a dynamic environment where the locations of users change episodically and outperform existing DTE MADRL algorithms.

This case study investigates the extent to which a language model (GPT-2) is able to capture native speakers' intuitions about implicit causality in a sentence completion task. We first reproduce earlier results (showing lower surprisal values for pronouns that are congruent with either the subject or object, depending on which one corresponds to the implicit causality bias of the verb), and then examine the effects of gender and verb frequency on model performance. Our second study examines the reasoning ability of GPT-2: is the model able to produce more sensible motivations for why the subject VERBed the object if the verbs have stronger causality biases? We also developed a methodology to avoid human raters being biased by obscenities and disfluencies generated by the model.

According to the World Federation of the Deaf, more than two hundred sign languages exist. Therefore, it is challenging to understand deaf individuals, even proficient sign language users, resulting in a barrier between the deaf community and the rest of society. To bridge this language barrier, we propose a novel multilingual communication system, namely MUGCAT, to improve the communication efficiency of sign language users. By converting recognized specific hand gestures into expressive pictures, which is universal usage and language independence, our MUGCAT system significantly helps deaf people convey their thoughts. To overcome the limitation of sign language usage, which is mostly impossible to translate into complete sentences for ordinary people, we propose to reconstruct meaningful sentences from the incomplete translation of sign language. We also measure the semantic similarity of generated sentences with fragmented recognized hand gestures to keep the original meaning. Experimental results show that the proposed system can work in a real-time manner and synthesize exquisite stunning illustrations and meaningful sentences from a few hand gestures of sign language. This proves that our MUGCAT has promising potential in assisting deaf communication.

构建静态呼叫图需要在健全和精度之间进行权衡。不幸的是，用于构建呼叫图的程序分析技术通常不精确。为了解决这个问题，研究人员最近提出了通过机器学习为静态分析构建的后处理呼叫图所授权的呼叫图。机器学习模型的构建是为了通过在随机森林分类器中提取结构特征来捕获呼叫图中的信息。然后，它消除了预测为误报的边缘。尽管机器学习模型显示了改进，但它们仍然受到限制，因为它们不考虑源代码语义，因此通常无法有效地区分真实和误报。在本文中，我们提出了一种新颖的呼叫图修剪技术AutoRoprouner，用于通过统计语义和结构分析消除呼叫图中的假阳性。给定一个由传统静态分析工具构建的呼叫图，AutoProuner采用基于变压器的方法来捕获呼叫者与呼叫图中每个边缘相关的呼叫者和Callee函数之间的语义关系。为此，AutoProuner微型调节模型是在大型语料库上预先训练的代码模型，以根据其语义的描述表示源代码。接下来，该模型用于从与呼叫图中的每个边缘相关的功能中提取语义特征。 AutoProuner使用这些语义功能以及从呼叫图提取的结构特征通过馈送前向神经网络分类。我们在现实世界程序的基准数据集上进行的经验评估表明，AutoProuner的表现优于最先进的基线，从而改善了F量级，在识别静态呼叫图中识别错误阳性边缘方面，高达13％。

数十年来，计算机系统持有大量个人数据。一方面，这种数据丰度允许在人工智能（AI），尤其是机器学习（ML）模型中突破。另一方面，它可能威胁用户的隐私并削弱人类与人工智能之间的信任。最近的法规要求，可以从一般情况下从计算机系统中删除有关用户的私人信息，特别是根据要求从ML模型中删除（例如，“被遗忘的权利”）。虽然从后端数据库中删除数据应该很简单，但在AI上下文中，它不够，因为ML模型经常“记住”旧数据。现有的对抗攻击证明，我们可以从训练有素的模型中学习私人会员或培训数据的属性。这种现象要求采用新的范式，即机器学习，以使ML模型忘记了特定的数据。事实证明，由于缺乏共同的框架和资源，最近在机器上学习的工作无法完全解决问题。在本调查文件中，我们试图在其定义，场景，机制和应用中对机器进行彻底的研究。具体而言，作为最先进的研究的类别集合，我们希望为那些寻求机器未学习的入门及其各种表述，设计要求，删除请求，算法和用途的人提供广泛的参考。 ML申请。此外，我们希望概述范式中的关键发现和趋势，并突出显示尚未看到机器无法使用的新研究领域，但仍可以受益匪浅。我们希望这项调查为ML研究人员以及寻求创新隐私技术的研究人员提供宝贵的参考。我们的资源是在https://github.com/tamlhp/awesome-machine-unlearning上。

我们介绍了贴片采样时间表（PSS）的概念，该概念在训练过程中每批次使用的视觉变压器（VIT）贴片的数量变化。由于对于大多数视觉目标（例如，分类），所有补丁都不同样重要，因此我们认为，不太重要的补丁可以用于较少的训练迭代中，从而导致较短的训练时间，对性能的影响最小。此外，我们观察到，使用PSS的训练可以使VIT在推理过程中对更宽的贴片采样范围更强。这允许在推理过程中进行吞吐量和准确性之间的细粒度，动态的权衡。我们使用PSSS在VIT上评估Imagenet的VIT，均通过从头开始训练并使用重建损耗函数进行了预训练。对于预训练的模型，与使用所有斑块相比，我们的分类准确性降低了0.26％（从25小时到17小时）降低了0.26％。代码，模型检查点和日志可在https://github.com/bradmcdanel/pss上找到。

由国家科学基金会（NSF）资助的DILPORT项目http://dialport.org/涵盖了一组工具和服务，旨在满足对话研究社区的需求。在六年的时间里，已经创建了几种产品，包括Dialport Portal和DialCrowd。本文描述了这些贡献，这些贡献将在Sigdial中进行演示，包括实施，先前的研究，相应的发现以及工具将继续可为社区免费提供的位置。